
Painting of Black Hawk by George Catlin, 1832
Science is often deployed to meet political ends but we don’t always recognize when.
Phrenology emerged as a pseudo-scientific way to define race through empirical means.
Scientists used painstaking measurements to show how the landscape of the skull—its ridges and bumps—reveal personality characteristics.
Researchers collected not hundreds but thousands of skulls of indigenous peoples, comparing their crania to those of White Europeans.
The skull of the Sauk leader Black Hawk was featured in the 1838 issue of the American Phrenological Journal and Miscellany. A drawing of his head is matched to the qualities of what the skull allegedly reveals.
The author of the study described the Indian leader as intelligent and combative, superstitious and perceptive, based on the furrows on his cranium.
The article was published the same year Black Hawk died of natural causes. What I haven’t been able to confirm is whether he was alive at the time the phrenological drawing was made. Continue reading →